On October 23, 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) ruled [3] in Mamazhonov v. Russia that Russia had violated the European Convention of Human Rights [4] (the Convention) by failing to properly examine Mr. Mamazhonov’s claims that he would be at risk of inhumane treatment and torture if extradited to Uzbekistan and failing to put in place protective measures upon his release from detention in Russia.  According to the press release [5], the Court ruled that Russia had violated Article 3 (prohibition of inhumane or degrading treatment), as the Russian authorities “failed to adequately examine Mr. Mamazhonov’s claims [and] had authorised Mr. Mamazhonov’s extradition without any effort to evaluate the real risks.”  However, Russia was not responsible for Mr. Mamazhonov’s eventual abduction upon his release from detention, as “it was not possible for the Court to conclude that the Russian authorities had been implicated in his disappearance.”