On January 23, 2014, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia partially granted [3] the appeals of both the Defence and the Prosecution in the Prosecutor v. Šainović et al. case.  According to the press release [4], the Appeals Chamber reduced the sentences of Nikola Šainović, Sreten Lukić, and Vladimir Lazarević, while affirming the sentence of Nebojša Pavković.  The Appeals Chamber also concluded, Judge Tuzmukhamedov dissenting, that “specific direction” is not an element of the aiding and abetting mode of liability.  The accused are “four Serbian senior officials from the political, military, and police establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . . . and Serbia.”