On July 31, 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) ruled on the question of the application of Article 41 (just satisfaction) of the European Convention on Human Rights in Oao Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia, ordering the Russian Federation to pay 1,866,104,634 euros in pecuniary damages to the shareholders of Yukos and another 300,000 euros for costs and expenses to the Yukos International Foundation.  According to the press release, “the case concerned the tax and enforcement proceedings brought in 2004 against the Russian oil company, OAO Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos (Yukos), which eventually led to its liquidation in 2007.”  The Court’s decision comes in the wake of a ruling by an arbitral tribunal at the Hague that Russia must pay a group of Yukos shareholders $50 billion for expropriating its assets.