International Criminal Law, Corruption, and Law Enforcement

Introduction

Introduction

Once again, tensions are mounting in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. In response to Western powers’ import bans on Iranian oil and warnings of other sanctions against Iran because of its nuclear program, Iran has threatened to block the passage of oil tankers through the Strait of Hormuz. The United States in turn has increased its naval presence in the Strait of Hormuz, ostensibly in an exercise of its “transit rights of passage” under the law of the sea.

Introduction

Between 2007 and 2009, Italy and Libya (then under the rule of Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi) concluded several agreements to combat clandestine immigration. Pursuant to these agreements, Italy instated a policy of sending undocumented migrants and asylum seekers who had crossed the Mediterranean Sea from Africa back to Libya. In a number of cases, boats were intercepted on the high seas, and those on board were taken back to Libya without a prior individualized assessment of their situation and protection needs.

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction